Isamente enokuthi isetyenziswe emzimbeni womntu - ithambo lesamente

I-samente yethambo ligama elisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-samente yethambo kwaye yinto yonyango esetyenziswa kwi-orthopedics. Ngenxa yembonakalo yayo kunye neempawu ezibonakalayo ezifana nesamente emhlophe esetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kunye nokuhlobisa emva kokuqina, inegama elinjalo elidumileyo. Kwiminyaka ye-1970, i-samente yethambo yayisele isetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwe-prosthesis edibeneyo, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa njengokuzaliswa kwezicubu kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto kwi-orthopedics kunye namazinyo.

Inzuzo enkulu yesamente yethambo kukuqiniswa kwayo ngokukhawuleza, ukuvumela imisebenzi yokubuyisela kwangaphambili emva kokuhlinzwa. Kakade ke, i-samente yethambo nayo inezithintelo ezithile, ezifana noxinzelelo oluphezulu ngamathuba athile kumbindi wethambo ngexesha lokuzaliswa, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba amaconsi amanqatha angene emithanjeni yegazi kwaye abangele i-embolism. Ngaphezu koko, yahlukile kumathambo omntu, kwaye ngokuhamba kwexesha, amalungu okwenziwa asenokukhululeka. Ngoko ke, uphando kwi-bone cement biomaterials luhlala luyisihloko esixhalabisayo kubaphandi.

Okwangoku, i-samente yamathambo esetyenziswa kakhulu kunye nophando yi-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) i-samente yamathambo, i-calcium phosphate bone sement, kunye ne-calcium sulfate bone cement.
I-PMMA bone samente yi-acrylic polymer eyenziwe ngokuxuba ulwelo lwe-methyl methacrylate monomer kunye ne-dynamic methyl methacrylate styrene copolymer, kunye nentsalela ye-monomer ephantsi, ukumelana nokudinwa okuphantsi kunye nokuxhatshazwa koxinzelelo, kunye namandla aphezulu kunye neplastiki. I-PMMA i-samente yethambo isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwintsimi yotyando lweplastiki yonyango, kwaye isetyenziswe kwi-dentistry, i-skull, kunye nezinye iindawo zokulungisa amathambo ekuqaleni kwe-1940. I-Acrylate bone samente isetyenziswe kuqhaqho lwezicubu zomntu kwaye isetyenziswe kumakhulu amawaka eemeko zeklinikhi zombini ngaphakathi nangaphandle.

Isigaba esiqinileyo se-PMMA yesamente yethambo ngokuqhelekileyo i-polymerized prepolymer PMMA, kunye nesigaba solwelo yi-MMA monomer, kunye nabaqalisi bepolymerization kunye nezinzisi zongezwa. Xa i-prepolymer yesigaba esiqinileyo i-PMMA ixutywe kunye ne-MMA monomer ye-liquid-phase, i-polymer copolymerization reaction iyenzeka ngokukhawuleza ukufezekisa ukuqiniswa kwesamente yethambo. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lenkqubo yokuqinisa, ubushushu obuninzi bukhutshwa, obunokubangela umonakalo obushushu kwizicubu ezijikelezileyo, okukhokelela ekudumbeni kunye nakwi-necrosis yezicubu. Ngoko ke, uphando olongezelelweyo lufuneka ngokukhawuleza ukuphucula umgangatho we-polymethyl methacrylate bone sement kunye nokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa imiphumo emibi ye-PMMA bone samente.

I-calcium phosphate isetyenziswa ekulungiseni amathambo ngenxa ye-biocompatibility yayo egqwesileyo kunye nokukwazi ukuvuselela amathambo. Ngokweklinikhi, isoloko isetyenziswa njengezinto ezitofwayo zokuzalisa izithuba zethambo kunye nokuphucula ukulungiswa kwe-hardware kwi-fracture operation. Ukubunjwa kwe-calcium phosphate bone sement kufana neeminerali zamathambo omntu, ezinokuphinda zixutywe kwaye zikhuthaze ukukhula kwangaphakathi kunye nokulungiswa kwamathambo endalo. Indlela yokuqiniswa kwesamente yethambo le-calcium phosphate yi-dissolution hydration precipitation reaction. Ngokulawula ixabiso le-pH yenkqubo yokuphendula, i-hydroxyapatite (HA) inokunyuka ngaphakathi kwe-pH ye-4.2-11. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, ukuveliswa kwe-HA kulawulwa ngokuyinhloko yi-reactions surface, kwaye i-HA eyenziwe phakathi kweengqungquthela kunye nomgangatho weengqungquthela zomeleza ukudibanisa phakathi kweengqungquthela. Uphakamileyo umxholo we-HA crystals, iindawo zoqhagamshelwano ezininzi zikhona, kwaye amandla oxinzelelo nawo ayanda ngokufanelekileyo. Kwinqanaba lamva le-hydration reaction, i-particle surface igqunywe ngumaleko we-HA, kwaye i-hydration reaction ye-calcium phosphate ithambo lesamente iba yi-diffusion elawulwa nge-hydration reaction. Ngempendulo eqhubekayo ye-hydration, iinqununu ezininzi ze-HA zenziwa, kwaye i-crystals ye-HA eyenziwe ikhula. Iimveliso ze-Hydration zigcwalisa ngokuthe ngcembe indawo yamanzi ethatha inxaxheba ekuphenduleni, ukwenzela ukuba indawo eyayihlala emanzini yahlulwe ibe yi-capillary pores engaqhelekanga yi-HA crystals.

I-gel pores iyanda, kwaye ubukhulu be-pore buhlala buncitshiswa. Iikristale ze-HA ziphazamisekile kwaye ziboshwe, kwaye amandla okudibanisa phakathi kwamaqhekeza ayanda. Izinto zesamente zamathambo ziqiniswa kwisakhiwo esiqinileyo se-porous kunye nenani elikhulu le-pores, ngaloo ndlela libonisa amandla okuphilisa i-macro.

Kwinkqubo yeklinikhi, i-vertebral burst fractures ene-traumatic fractures inesixhobo esikhethekileyo sokulimala kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kubantu abancinci abanamandla okuvuselela amathambo. I-calcium phosphate yesamente yethambo inokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo ukunyanga ezo fracture. Ngeli xesha, i-calcium phosphate ithambo isamente ikwayindawo yethambo esebenzayo yotyando lwe-benign bone tumor resection. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yexesha elide lokuqiniswa kunye nokukhutshwa kobushushu obuphantsi ngexesha lenkqubo yokuqina, i-calcium phosphate ithambo lesamente ayinakunamathela kunye namandla, kwaye ithanda ukuqhekeka kwithambo. Ngoko ke, uphando malunga ne-calcium phosphate bone sement lusaqhuba.

I-calcium sulfate iyona nto ilula kakhulu yokulungiswa kwamathambo kwaye isetyenziswe kwizinto zokulungisa amathambo iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100, kunye nembali yesicelo sekliniki ende. I-calcium sulfate inonyamezelo olululo lomntu, i-biodegradability, kunye nepropathi yokuqhuba amathambo, iyenza ibe yenye into ebalulekileyo yokutshintshwa kwamathambo e-autologous kuphando lokuqala. Isigaba esiqinileyo se-calcium sulfate yesamente yethambo yi-anhydrous calcium sulfate powder, kwaye isigaba solwelo yi-physiological saline kunye nezinye izisombululo ezinamanzi. Xa izigaba eziqinileyo kunye nolwelo zixutywe, i-calcium sulfate ingena kwi-hydration reaction, ivelisa inaliti emile njenge-calcium sulfate dihydrate amabhobhothi adibanisa kunye nomnye, ngaloo ndlela aqina kwimfumba enemilo ethile kunye namandla. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokusebenza kakubi kwezinto eziphilayo, i-calcium sulfate i-samente yethambo ayikwazi ukwenza iibhondi zeekhemikhali phakathi kwe-calcium sulfate grafts kunye nezicubu zethambo, kwaye ziya kuncipha ngokukhawuleza. I-calcium sulfate yesamente yethambo inokufunxwa ngokupheleleyo kwiiveki ezintandathu emva kokufakelwa, kwaye oku kuthotywa ngokukhawuleza akuhambelani nenkqubo yokwakhiwa kwamathambo. Ke ngoko, xa kuthelekiswa nesamente yethambo le-calcium phosphate, uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kweklinikhi ye-calcium sulfate yesamente yethambo kulinganiselwe.

Ukongezelela, uphando oluninzi luye lwabonisa ukuba iimolekyuli ezincinci zezinto eziphilayo, iipolymers eziphilayo, iiprotheni, i-polysaccharides, i-molecule ye-inorganic, i-bioceramics, kunye ne-bioglass inokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo ukusebenza kwe-samente yamathambo, ukubonelela ngeengcamango ezintsha kwiintlobo ezintsha zesamente yamathambo.
Isishwankathelo, i-samente yethambo inokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwikliniki yamazinyo kunye ne-orthopedics, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ibe yinto efanelekileyo yokuthwala iziyobisi kunye nezixhobo ezithatha indawo yethambo kwinkqubo yamathambo.

Ngokuqhubekayo ngokutsha kunye nophuhliso lwesayensi, iteknoloji, kunye nezixhobo, kukholelwa ukuba izinto eziphezulu zethambo zesamente ziya kuphuhliswa kwixesha elizayo, njengamandla aphezulu, i-injection, i-water resistant, kunye neentlobo zokubeka ngokukhawuleza. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-samente yethambo ekusebenzeni kweklinikhi kuya kusasazeka ngokubanzi, kwaye ixabiso layo liya kwanda.